Looking At The Lives And Education Of Foster Children Social Work Essay Essays

Looking At The Lives And Education Of Foster Children Social Work Essay Essays Looking At The Lives And Education Of Foster Children Social Work Essay Essay Looking At The Lives And Education Of Foster Children Social Work Essay Essay 2004 ) . The importance of permanence in the lives of surrogate young person raises the inquiry: What is the highest degree of instruction completed by Foster attention young person after household reunion compared to non-reunified young person? The National Association of Financial Aid Administrators states that if surrogate young person attended postsecondary instruction at the same degree as their equals, the consequence would be an extra 100,000 young person go toing college in the United States, per twelvemonth ( Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2007 ) . Although there are specific commissariats and plans that may supply foster attention young person with more mental wellness services and fiscal assistance than the mean pupil, it is reported that many foster young person are non cognizant that college is an option for them ( Dishion et al. , 2004 ) . Not merely do pupils from surrogate attention lack the support construction that other pupils rely on, many besides have reserves about placing their yesteryears ( Dishion et al. , 2004 ) . This makes it hard to execute outreach to supply information, support, and other resources to help them in accomplishing postsecondary educational ends. Shame ov er childhood history may besides impede foster attention young person in finishing the needed personal statement part of college applications. Educational accomplishment among surrogate young person and reunified foster young person is of import for societal work research as it encompasses a assortment of societal issues. Such research can open doors to the educational system and the greater demand for societal workers in schools. By puting a microscope on educational attainment of surrogate young person versus reunified young person, we can gauge whether reunion contributes to completion of higher degrees of instruction and better support systems for households. This research comes at a clip when important budget cuts, proposed by Governor Schwarzenegger, to countries such as mental wellness and kid public assistance, endanger to extinguish support for supportive plans for surrogate young person, many of which are the really ground Foster young person are marginally successful. It is projected these cuts will greatly impact permanence plans and In-Home Supportive Services, every bit good as addition the figure of surrogate young person in residential and hospital intervention installations ( Scott Graves Ph.D, Senior Policy Analyst for the California Budget Project, 2008 ) . Second, media coverage has highlighted incidents of ferociousness between pupils, late ensuing in the human death of one Foster young person. The prevalence of societal exclusion is apparent in such headlines. The Social Exclusion Unit Report ( 2003 ) states that surrogate young person are more likely to be bullied, 6 out of 10, compared to 1 in 6 out-of-care kids ( Social Exclusion Unit Report, 2003 ) . The deductions of such intimidation, is an addition in high school bead out rates amongst surrogate young person. Literature Review Many surrogate kids s lives are characterized by instability, which involves unplanned school alterations doing undeveloped societal accomplishments and the ability to develop relationships with equals. Missing cardinal educational stuff adversely affects their acquisition and accomplishment ( Zeitlin, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to the Youth Justice Board Survey, kids in attention are 10 times more likely to be inveterate absent from school ( Social Exclusion Unit Report, 2003 ) . Zeitlin ( 2004 ) points out that 10 % of the general population receives particular instruction services, whereas 25-52 % of surrogate kids are placed in particular instruction due to either a learning disablement or serious emotional perturbation. Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) conducted a survey on 416 indiscriminately selected liberated Foster young person through a study administered to social workers in Illinois to place whether surrogate young person had achieved independent life following surrogate attention arrangement. Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) instructed social workers to supply information on 17-year-old Foster young person that would be followed for two old ages, as services for youth terminal at 19 old ages of age. Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) measured information on the Foster young person s independent life accomplishments, educational attainment, and ability to derive and maintain employment every bit good as emotional, behavioural and particular demands. The findings revealed that 42 % of surrogate young person had high school sheepskin or equivalency grades ( Leathers A ; Testa, 2006 ) . Furthermore, 23 % were enrolled in a four-year university or community college ( Leathers A ; Testa, 2006 ) . Twenty per cen tum were identified as high school dropouts who were non prosecuting a GED or higher instruction ( Leathers A ; Testa, 2006 ) . The Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) survey revealed that despite discrepancies in educational attainment, many of the young person included in the survey were able to accomplish independent life accomplishments. Colton and Heath ( 1994 ) conducted a longitudinal survey on the educational advancement and behaviour of long-run Foster young person compared to kids having societal work support while remaining with their biological parents. The sample consists of 49 surrogate kids ( 26 male, 23 female ) , ages 8-14 old ages old, who have been in attention for at least 6 months. A kid s behaviour was measured by qualitative questionnaires distributed to the pupils instructors and parents. Educational attainment was measured by standardised trial tonss in comparing to the national norm of all pupils in the 8-14 twelvemonth old age bracket. In proving whether or non there is a correlativity between behaviour jobs and low educational attainment among detached kids, Colton and Heath ( 1994 ) found that overall academic attainment tonss were below the national norm, irrespective of celebrated behaviour jobs. Contrary to Colton and Heath s survey, Merdinger, Hines, Lemon, Osterling and Wyatt ( 2005 ) present findings on a multimethod and multiphase survey of liberated Foster young person go toing a four-year university to foreground the resiliency Foster young person exemplify in the face of hardship. Merdinger ( 2005 ) and her co-workers conducted a survey entitled Nerve pathwaies to College for Former Foster Youth utilizing a sample of 216 former Foster young person go toing college on 11 campuses in one big province university system. The Pathways to College for Former Foster Youth survey utilized qualitative self-administered studies which took 20 to thirty proceedingss to finish and were so mailed back. Merdinger et al. , ( 2005 ) found that while many research workers focus on the deficiency of educational attainment within the Foster attention system, there is really small focal point on the success rates of surrogate young person who have received reunion services. Kools ( 1997 ) discusses individuality development in surrogate young person and explains how negative effects of lessened position, such as societal isolation, and stereotyped outlooks, such as others beliefs that surrogate young person are nt motivated or capable, decreases accomplishment in developmental mileposts. Kools ( 1997 ) sample included 17 striplings ( 9 female, 8 male ) between the ages of 15 and 19, who have experienced multiple arrangement passages populating in long-run ( 2-11 old ages ) Foster attention, in both surrogate household places and group places. Data was collected qualitatively by carry oning intensive interviews with kids in Foster attention, observation in group-home scenes, and an analysis of instance records. Kools ( 1997 ) methodological analysis included dimensional analysis from the traditional grounded theory method to analyze experiences shared from the Foster kid s position. Kools ( 1997 ) found that the negative stereotypes and stigma attached to further attention youth lead to peer examination within schools, devaluating their already low, sense of ego, decelerating a kid s developmental procedure and doing low self-prides and low academic accomplishment. As a consequence of the ambitious experiences foster youth face due to emotional injury and separation from household members, Merdinger et al. , ( 2005 ) illustrated that following discharge from the Foster attention system, 35 % of the surveies participants identified having mental wellness services. Further, of those, 31 % , stated they utilised therapy or guidance, 10.2 % received outpatient services and 6.9 % obtained in-patient services. However, Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) found that 60 % of young person who reported holding mental wellness jobs did non describe having any services within the past 3 months. Further, Leathers and Testa ( 2006 ) revealed that young person who had dropped out of high school were less likely to have services than any other young person. Academic shortages in surrogate kids have partly contributed to residential instability ensuing in the frequent transportation of surrogate young person from one Foster place to the following. Passages to new surrogate places are disputing for the young person as they are sometimes located in different school territories, coercing the kids to travel and readapt to a new group of schoolmates and instructors ( Cogner A ; Finkelstein, 2003 ) . Passage can be particularly disputing for surrogate young person as they frequently experience low self-pride, devaluation and stigmatisation, which can negatively impact their academic attainment ( Kools, 1997 ) . Additionally, Cogner and Finkelstein ( 2003 ) estimation that about, 15-33 % of kids who experience residential instability show low academic accomplishment and a diminution in academic public presentation due to high rates of school transportations and residential alterations ( p. 98 ) . Due to hapless communicating between societal public assistance bureaus and the school system, foster kids get left behind ( Cogner A ; Finkelstein, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Cogner A ; Finkelstein ( 2003 ) delays in instruction caused by school transportations and a deficiency of a consistent arrangement, are educational barriers within the Foster attention system. A conducive factor to this issue is the hapless communicating between the societal public assistance bureaus and the school systems, which allows foster kids to acquire left behind in school ( Cogner A ; Finkelstein, 2003 ) . This survey reveals that in one peculiar instance, several pupils were absent from school for a whole month because the Department of Education failed to finish their enrollment paperwork ( Cogner A ; Finkelstein, 2003 ) . Cogner and Finkelstein ( 2003 ) uncovered an overall deficiency of support for Foster attention pupils throughout their academic calling. They point out the demand to raise consciousness of Foster attention pupils in schools, and educate instructors and counsel counsellors who are normally unfamiliar with the Foster attention system every bit good as the experiences of surrogate kids ( Cogner and Finkelstein, 2003 ) . Cogner and Finkelstein ( 2003 ) place a deficit of social workers recommending for surrogate young person in the instruction system. The survey studies that due to heavy caseloads, social workers tend to prioritise wellness and safety over instruction ( Cogner and Finkelstein, 2003 ) . There is really small research done on school transportation and the effects on surrogate youth educational accomplishment. Restrictions of this research analysis include the trust of information gathered on surrogate young person statistics from the Administrative Children s Services and the Department of Education databases. Dissimilar to Cogner and Finkelstein, Merdinger et al. , ( 2005 ) found that several external factors contributed to a Foster young person s educational attainment ; educational stableness in high school joined with a demanding course of study every bit good as the outlook that they would go to college. Merdinger et al. , ( 2005 ) revealed that several pupils stated they had function theoretical accounts who made a permanent feeling on them and in most instances these, important grownups did something special to maintain the young person in school or on the way to college ( p.875 ) . Overall, Merdinger et al. , found that the importance of an indispensable figure at a critical phase in a young person s development impacted their chase of higher instruction. Overall, the survey pointed out that the bulk of the sample ( 75.7 % ) indicated they had person to inquire for aid or advice and 39.4 % a household member, 19 % a counsellor or healer, and 11 % a instructor or school staff. The refore, of import relationships that were established in earlier childhood may hold prepared pupils for ulterior passages in life. Rarely is the household of beginning perceived as a valuable beginning of support for a kid who has been removed from his or her place. Alternatively, the household is viewed entirely as the genteelness land for the maltreatment and disregard that initiated the kid s arrangement in the Foster attention system. Although research workers have explored the Foster attention population, Emerson ( 2007 ) points out, the absence of sound informations and information is forestalling advocators, analysts, and policymakers from run intoing the educational demands of this vulnerable population ( p. 7 ) . With the displacement in the kid public assistance system towards permanence planning, what is yet to be explored is reunified surrogate young persons advancement through the higher instruction system ( Emerson 2007 ) . Successful intercessions that promote the quality of household fond regard, history, and resiliency to beef up the kid s self-esteem, will show improved educational results ( Dishion et al. , 2004 ) . Family Reunification plans that provide support squads of societal workers, instructors, and decision makers, better the cloth of the kid s full community. Many of the households functioning young person in out-of-home attention demand to recommend with schools to do certain that this at-risk population receives the educational benefits to which they are entitled. Methods Research Design In order to find if reunified Foster young person will hold higher rates of educational attainment versus non-reunified Foster young person, the survey will do usage of an exploratory-descriptive design using quantitative research methods. There will be two stages of the sample choice procedure: 1 ) the first stage will dwell of indiscriminately choosing 5000 former Foster young person from the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services 2 ) from the first sample, a subgroup will be assembled based on a telephone interview that will be used to find the length of clip spent in surrogate attention every bit good as reunion position. Following the first stage and retroflexing the Pathways to College survey ( 2005 ) , the Reunification survey will roll up informations in the signifier of a self-administered questionnaire which will be mailed to former Foster attention young person shacking in Los Angeles County. The questionnaire was developed utilizing information from the Pathways to College survey ( 2005 ) in add-on to specific reunion inquiries devised by alumnus pupils at the University of Southern California School of Social Work. Non-probability, purposive trying methods will be employed to enroll former Foster attention young person. Non-probability trying choice will trust on available topics found throughout the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services records of surrogate young person. The sampling frame will trust on the telephone interview responses from the initial 5000 former Foster attention young person shacking in Los Angeles County. It is predicted that at least 1000 topics will be assembled from the initial 5000 former Foster attention youth sample. The mark population is former Foster attention youth aged 22-30 old ages of age ( born between the old ages of 1978-1985 ) . Further, topics will be given an inducement of $ 15, which will be mailed to respondents who return the completed study. Adequate compens ation of $ 15 is determined based on the thought that respondents may be enrolled in college or late graduated. The usage of a cross-sectional survey will mensurate the experiences of reunified Foster young person capturing their educational attainment at one point in their life. The principle for the overall design is that it will advance an expansive hunt of the Foster attention system turn uping a population which is by and large unrecognised. Sample Two stages of sampling will be employed to choose the sample of non-reunified Foster attention young person every bit good as reunified Foster young person. Both stages will dwell of non-probability, purposive trying methods that will be used to enroll former Foster attention young person populating throughout Los Angeles County. Participants were accessed through records obtained by manner of the Department of Children and Family Services Foster Care System. Participants are verified through official certification provided by DCFS Foster Care System of their position as wards of the tribunal every bit good as telephone interview for verification of information. Non-probability sampling is used based on the trust of available topics in the Foster attention system. Though non-probability sampling is deemed less dependable, this method will supply research workers with information on a specifically selected group of surrogate young person that are non traditionally studied. This method is purposive as topics will be manus selected based on demands outlined in the Procedures subdivision. The research workers are interested in comparing reunified Foster attention young person to the non-reunified Foster attention youth population. Non-probability sampling will besides be less expensive and more representative of the reunified subgroup of the former Foster attention youth population. In order to obtain the primary sample, research workers will wash up Los Angeles County DCFS records to randomly choice 5000 Foster young person that will be screened for making. After the first 5000 topics are screened for making intents, the following subgroup will be contacted with a missive explicating the intent of the survey and bespeaking their engagement. The mark population is comprised of former Foster attention youth aged 22 to 30 old ages of age ( birth twelvemonth from 1978-1985 ) . Due to the nature of the subject being researched, topics will hold the chance to anonymousl y inscribe in the survey. Anonymous registration can enable participants to experience secure in supplying inside informations sing their past experiences as surrogate young person ( Rubin and Babbie, 2008 ) . Measurement The survey will utilize age and reunion to nominally mensurate the variables, which will later be assigned coded Numberss to quantitatively analyse the information collected. Cross-sectional explorative research is ideal for analyzing the expansive population of former Foster young person in Los Angeles County, which will be measured by appraising methods. Cross-sectional research evaluates the variables identifies in this survey and validities the plausibleness of the thought that academic accomplishment is related to further youth household reunion ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . Past research shows that cross-sectional research designs are used in the bulk of surveies on surrogate households ( Orme A ; Buehler, 2001 ) . Pilot surveies were non conducted to mensurate this population as all initial information was collected through the Department of Child and Family Services ( DCFS ) . Defined Variables The undermentioned variables and spheres will heighten or impede academic attainment in former Foster young person. Independent Variable: Foster Care System Dependent Variable: Academic Accomplishment Result: Academic Accomplishment Spheres: Relationships with teachers/mentors, equal dealingss, and educational positions Extraneous Variables: Controling for reunified Foster young person in survey population Moderating Variables: Factors that impede on academic success. For a kid in surrogate attention this includes household connection and/or reunion with household of beginning. Interceding Variables: Foster attention system experience and the affects on academic accomplishment. An illustration of this includes the changeless transplantation and transferring of surrogate kids between surrogate places, doing a break in the kid s financial school calendar by doing them to lose school. Operational Definitions The undermentioned information defines the operational definitions used to place the constructs and persons measured in this survey. Former Foster Care Youth: Describes any person who has had a long-run arrangement in the Foster attention system. Long-run Placement: Describes any person who has spent 1+ twelvemonth in the Foster attention system. Emancipated Foster Youth: Describes any person who exited the Foster attention system at 18 old ages of age. Educational Attainment: Describes a pupil s thrust to win in school ; every bit good as, the existent degree of academe achieved. Non-Reunified Young person: Identifies foster care kids who were non reunited with their biological household after come ining the system Reunified Young person: Identifies foster care kids who have been taken out of the place and placed in a impermanent Foster place, but were necessarily united with their biological household ( household of beginning ) . Family Reunion: Describes the procedure of a household coming together, to populate in the same place, after a kid is placed back into their household place by the province and is no longer portion of the Foster attention system. Wards of the Court: Identifies all kids who have been removed from their place and processed by California Foster Care System and the Los Angeles Department of Child and Family Services. Dependability and Validity of Instruments/Measures Analyzing available records will be less dearly-won and less clip consuming, but systemic mistake and random mistake is a barrier in roll uping equal research from the Department of Child and Family Services. Systemic mistake may happen in the state of affairs that the profile/documents of a former Foster young person was altered due to falsified information written by the social worker and/or inaccurate information communicated by the past Foster parents or school system. Random mistakes may besides happen due to inadequate followup and hapless certification of kid s arrangement position. These barriers, along with many other plausible factors, create mistakes in research and impact the dependability of the information gathered, every bit good as the cogency of the overall survey ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . This alternate signifier of measuring is executable for this survey as the lone information that will be acquired from the bing DCFS files is placing information, which will in clude name of former Foster young person, day of the month of birth, phone figure and reference. The dependability of this step will so be validated with informal telephone interviews sing that single reached via telephone is a former Foster young person born between 1978-1985. Although cultural competence is critical in the creative activity on the cross-sectional study design, there is no measurement equality of psychometric belongingss relevant to and/or impacting the measuring of the survey at this clip, the information shared on the questionnaire will be coded and evaluated irrespective of any cultural factors ( Orme A ; Buehler, 2001 ) . Written self-report questionnaires will be the primary step used for the sample population. This signifier of measuring will be good to the erstwhile cross-sectional research as it assembles general background person on an person but it will besides give position on the person s attitude and behaviour ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . This information will give researches insight into the persons mental and physical capacities and provides research workers with dependable research that expands causalities between surrogate attention and instruction. Appropriate face cogency is indispensable for the choice of research indexs and variables. Establishing face cogency establishes the life of the survey and research steps chosen. Face cogency is a pre-requisite before get downing this research survey, in that before research is conducted, research workers must find the world of reunion of surrogate young person with original household affects foster youth academic accomplishment ; the handiness of a sample population of former Foster young person between a defined age group. The procedure of face cogency will set up that the measurings chosen seem to mensurate what was expected in the survey ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . This encapsulates the external cogency prevalent in this survey, intending that past research has generalized findings sing the Foster attention experience and the educational experiences of Foster attention kids looking for roots of causality. We presume that internal cogency will stay high as the research workers a re confident in their ability to efficaciously analyse the intended survey. Adequate discrepancy of the research survey provides operationalized picks to guarantee a scope of fluctuation and the grade of properties that have a causal relationship. Procedures Using cross-sectional exploratory research the survey will get down by analyzing bing research, which will be provided by Los Angeles DCFS. After roll uping information on Foster young person who emancipated out of the system and who are presently between the ages of 22 and 30, colloquial telephone calls were made to each person name taken from DCFS files to corroborate the occupant was still a former Foster young person. These telephone calls will besides find if the topic had reunified with household of beginning. Each topic will hold been screened for survey eligibility. After corroborating the residences of former Foster young person, self-report questionnaires with open-ended and closed-ended inquiries will be mailed out, which will offer the sample population a fiscal inducement of $ 15 to return their completed rating. The written self-report questionnaire will include qualitative inquiring ; circling/marking a inquiry, and eventuality inquiring, which will enable research wor kers to contract a wide demographic. This will let for a executable measuring of the big former Foster young person population, and the findings will be more generalizable, which will enable research workers to find the existent representativeness and order of a predicted causal relationship between surrogate youth place arrangement ( surrogate place or united with original family ) and educational attainment degrees ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . Conceptual and Methodological Restrictions Cross-sectional surveies are influential in the development of new cognition, but a restriction of this research design entails the inability to subtract conclusive grounds in effort to set up causal order of variable and properties of the sample. When utilizing self-reporting as a signifier of informations measuring it is imperative to see artificiality of the self-reports, and the possible deficiency of cogency, as the statistics provided for the research were founded on trust and confidentiality. Although written self-reporting is normally used in societal work research, it may be hard to make a well-received study that is worded right and avoids any cultural prejudices, and is non overpowering in length and trouble ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . Overall, there is minimum research on surrogate young person experiences, with in-home or out-of-home Foster attention arrangement, correlated to educational attainment. Most conceptual research on Foster attention kids holds no valid grounds of normative statistical informations, and relies on mensurating a population sample without any known psychometric belongingss. This limits the research worker s ability to analyze and trust on past research to farther retroflex and/or advanced research across assorted civilizations on the subject of involvement. Instrumentality After analyzing available records and roll uping general information/data on Foster young person from the Los Angeles Department of Child and Family Services, unstructured, colloquial telephone interviews will be conducted entirely to verify abode of surrogate young person in order to corroborate the person was a surrogate young person and is presently between the ages of 22 and 30. In the instance that the past Foster young person has moved, the study will non be sent to that individual or the new occupant is able to supply the surveyor with new contact information. Once references are verified, it is predicted that about 1,000 self-administered questionnaires will be mailed to each identified former Foster attention young person between the ages of 22 and 30. In stead of the former Foster young person s engagement and returned questionnaire, a $ 15 inducement will be mailed to the participants. The greater the response of completed studies attained, the larger the survey sample siz e, which will diminish opportunity of trying mistake and increase the cogency and dependability of the statistical grounds collected ( Rubin A ; Babbie, 2008 ) . Once returned back, the questionnaires will undergo a measure uping quantitative analysis in order to change over the written informations into numerical signifier ( Rubin and Babbie, 2008 ) . Datas Analysis Quantitative informations ensuing from the studies will be examined utilizing a computing machine based statistical analysis system such as SPSS. Descriptive statistics will be employed to get information sing participant demographics, educational attainment, employment/economic position, foster care experience including societal support, and accomplishments developing. The information provided from the self-administered studies will be transformed in to coded values which the research workers will utilize to suitably categorise each participant experience. The coded values will so be converted in to statistics which will so be used to compare reunified Foster young person versus non-reunified Foster youth educational attainment. The statistics will supply grounds to whether or non the hypothesis is statistically important. If the hypothesis is at the.05 degree of significance we can reason that the void hypothesis has merely a.05 chance of being true and therefore reject it. Deductions We hypothesize that reunified foster young person will hold completed higher degrees of instruction, than those who spent at least one twelvemonth ( long-run arrangement ) in the Foster attention system. This is due to the prevalence of stableness in reunified young person through reduced school mobility, increased resources, higher self-pride, and resiliency. The significance of this determination is that it supports the necessity of stableness for completion of higher instruction which may diminish the prevalence of delinquency, substance maltreatment, and homelessness as results of surrogate young person determined by old research surveies ( Bates et al. , 1997 ; Emerson, 2007 ) . The deduction is that, permanence, by making stableness and the societal position of rank, is an of import resource for non-reunified young person, which may increase positive results for completion in higher instruction. For young person in province attention to go successful and emotionally healthy in maturity, they must go forth the Foster attention system in a planned mode that connects them to a womb-to-tomb household ( Louisell, 2003 ; Pecora et al. , 2003 ; Wulczyn, 2004 ; Zeitlin, 2004 ) . Family permanency finally can cut down the figure of young person who enter attention every bit good as those who age out of surrogate attention without a househol d ( Louisell, 2003 ) . More than 25,000 surrogate young person age out of province attention or run off every twelvemonth before governments can reunite them with their parents, place them for good with relations, or procure an adoptive household ( Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, 2007 ) . Those vulnerable youth deficiency any on-going connexion to household members or caring grownups. Federal, province, and local governments must acknowledge the critical importance of lasting household connexions for young person in Foster attention if significant advancement is to be made in bettering results for these disconnected young person. Policies and support must bolster these critical connexions. Child welfare systems can convey kids the permanency they need by supplying support to households so that kids can stay safely with their ain parents and household members ( i.e. avoid surrogate attention arrangement ) or return safely to their parents and household members. At hazard kids may be placed with relations who are able to care for them, or, when these options are non available, making alternate planned populating agreements while fostering continued household connexions are feasible programs of action for professionals ( Louisell, 2003 ) . Permanence is both a value and end of pattern. Change will necessitate new patterns, adequate and flexible support, improved inducements for systems and single households, and redefined ends and steps of answerability for policy shapers and practicians. 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